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Partner Content: DAT Summit Expands to Hong KongHosted by Luna PR, the institutional digital assets event follows its Abu Dhabi debut with a second international edition (Hong Kong, February 4, 2026) - Following the success of its inaugural edition in Abu Dhabi, Luna PR announced the return of DAT Summit for its second edition, taking place at  the Four Seasons on February 13, 2026, in Hong Kong, alongside Consensus. The Hong Kong edition builds on the momentum of the Abu Dhabi summit held in December 2025, which convened senior leaders from across global finance, digital asset infrastructure, and public markets.  Continuing that institutional dialogue, DAT Summit Hong Kong will feature senior leaders shaping global capital markets and digital infrastructure, including, among others, Bobby Gray, Founder of TEXITcoin; John Cahill, Chief Operating Officer at Galaxy Digital; Junaid Shah, Managing Director at Morgan Stanley; John D'Agostino, Head of Strategy at Coinbase; Yat Siu, Co-Founder of Animoca Brands; Wook Lee, CEO of EDENA; Jason Fang, Founder of Sora Ventures; Nenter Chow, Global CEO of BitMart; Alice Lyu, Head of Research at CoinMarketCap; and Joseph Chee, Executive Chairman of Solana Company. “DAT Summit was created to provide clarity at a moment when the market was asking hard questions,” said Nikita Sachdev, CEO of Luna PR. “The Abu Dhabi edition showed there is real appetite for serious, transparent dialogue around digital asset treasuries. Bringing the summit to Hong Kong allows us to continue that conversation in one of the world’s most important financial centres.” Situated at the intersection of global capital, regulatory leadership, and digital asset innovation, Hong Kong represents a natural next stage for the evolution of DAT Summit. The 2026 edition will convene corporate treasurers, institutional asset managers, family offices, policymakers, and infrastructure providers to examine how treasury strategy, capital structure, risk management, and public-market credibility are evolving in a post-speculative  digital asset environment. Planned discussions for DAT Summit Hong Kong will include topics such as: From Mandate to Performance: Executing Digital Asset Strategies Across Market  CyclesInstitutional Yield Under Scrutiny: What Actually Survives Due DiligenceRisk Management at Institutional Standards Stepping Away from Crypto StandardsValuations, Premiums & Structure: Why Some Public Vehicles Survive and Others  Don’tSPACs, Reverse Mergers & Public Market Pathways for Digital Asset CompaniesManaging Credibility: Public Market Expectations and Media InfluenceTokenized Assets and Market Conditions: Lessons from Early AdoptionAI’s Role in Institutional Infrastructure  Designed as a closed-door event, DAT Summit Hong Kong aims to equip decision-makers with the insight, context, and peer dialogue required to navigate the next phase of institutional digital asset adoption.

Partner Content: DAT Summit Expands to Hong Kong

Hosted by Luna PR, the institutional digital assets event follows its Abu Dhabi debut with a second international edition

(Hong Kong, February 4, 2026) - Following the success of its inaugural edition in Abu Dhabi, Luna PR announced the return of DAT Summit for its second edition, taking place at 
the Four Seasons on February 13, 2026, in Hong Kong, alongside Consensus.
The Hong Kong edition builds on the momentum of the Abu Dhabi summit held in December 2025, which convened senior leaders from across global finance, digital asset infrastructure, and public markets. 
Continuing that institutional dialogue, DAT Summit Hong Kong will feature senior leaders shaping global capital markets and digital infrastructure, including, among others, Bobby Gray, Founder of TEXITcoin; John Cahill, Chief Operating Officer at Galaxy Digital; Junaid Shah, Managing Director at Morgan Stanley; John D'Agostino, Head of Strategy at Coinbase; Yat Siu, Co-Founder of Animoca Brands; Wook Lee, CEO of EDENA; Jason Fang, Founder of Sora Ventures; Nenter Chow, Global CEO of BitMart; Alice Lyu, Head of Research at CoinMarketCap; and Joseph Chee, Executive Chairman of Solana Company.
“DAT Summit was created to provide clarity at a moment when the market was asking hard questions,” said Nikita Sachdev, CEO of Luna PR. “The Abu Dhabi edition showed there is real appetite for serious, transparent dialogue around digital asset treasuries. Bringing the summit to Hong Kong allows us to continue that conversation in one of the world’s most important financial centres.”
Situated at the intersection of global capital, regulatory leadership, and digital asset innovation, Hong Kong represents a natural next stage for the evolution of DAT Summit. The 2026 edition will convene corporate treasurers, institutional asset managers, family offices, policymakers, and infrastructure providers to examine how treasury strategy, capital structure, risk management, and public-market credibility are evolving in a post-speculative 
digital asset environment.
Planned discussions for DAT Summit Hong Kong will include topics such as:
From Mandate to Performance: Executing Digital Asset Strategies Across Market 
CyclesInstitutional Yield Under Scrutiny: What Actually Survives Due DiligenceRisk Management at Institutional Standards Stepping Away from Crypto StandardsValuations, Premiums & Structure: Why Some Public Vehicles Survive and Others 
Don’tSPACs, Reverse Mergers & Public Market Pathways for Digital Asset CompaniesManaging Credibility: Public Market Expectations and Media InfluenceTokenized Assets and Market Conditions: Lessons from Early AdoptionAI’s Role in Institutional Infrastructure 
Designed as a closed-door event, DAT Summit Hong Kong aims to equip decision-makers with the insight, context, and peer dialogue required to navigate the next phase of institutional digital asset adoption.
Guardians of Bitcoin Live with @IAmBitcoinBo on 4th February at block height 934982: Freedom Forum 2026: Kicks off Friday in Auckland, New Zealand Bitcoin treasuries: Institutions bought all new BTC in January Spain: Under-16 social media ban with age checks announced France: VPN limits considered to enforce youth bans Venezuela: First-ever LPG export heads to the US TeraWulf: Miner doubles energy footprint to 2.8GW Vultisig: Automation meets self-custody – debate begins
Guardians of Bitcoin Live with @Bitcoin Bo on 4th February at block height 934982:

Freedom Forum 2026: Kicks off Friday in Auckland, New Zealand

Bitcoin treasuries: Institutions bought all new BTC in January

Spain: Under-16 social media ban with age checks announced

France: VPN limits considered to enforce youth bans

Venezuela: First-ever LPG export heads to the US

TeraWulf: Miner doubles energy footprint to 2.8GW

Vultisig: Automation meets self-custody – debate begins
The Crypto Radio Live quickfire newsround on 4th February: Tian Ruixiang Holdings shares surge on a 15,000-Bitcoin investment plan Wallet-native: Asset managers push toward wallet-held investments Debanking: Coinbase accuses Australian banks of cutting off crypto firms Esports data: Team Liquid shifts archives to decentralized storage xAI hiring: Musk’s xAI recruits crypto experts for AI trading Kidnapping: Police investigate a high-profile abduction with an unconfirmed Bitcoin ransom claim
The Crypto Radio Live quickfire newsround on 4th February:

Tian Ruixiang Holdings shares surge on a 15,000-Bitcoin investment plan

Wallet-native: Asset managers push toward wallet-held investments

Debanking: Coinbase accuses Australian banks of cutting off crypto firms

Esports data: Team Liquid shifts archives to decentralized storage

xAI hiring: Musk’s xAI recruits crypto experts for AI trading

Kidnapping: Police investigate a high-profile abduction with an unconfirmed Bitcoin ransom claim
Binance remains the world’s largest centralized crypto exchange, holding nearly 40% of global spot trading in 2025 – even as volumes cool across the market.  Bybit continues its slow recovery after last year’s hack, while MEXC quietly emerges as the fastest-growing exchange, nearly doubling its annual volume thanks to zero-fee trading.  Together, the top 10 exchanges still moved $18.7 trillion this year, showing where liquidity – and user trust – continues to concentrate. #Binance #CryptoExchanges #bitcoin
Binance remains the world’s largest centralized crypto exchange, holding nearly 40% of global spot trading in 2025 – even as volumes cool across the market. 
Bybit continues its slow recovery after last year’s hack, while MEXC quietly emerges as the fastest-growing exchange, nearly doubling its annual volume thanks to zero-fee trading. 

Together, the top 10 exchanges still moved $18.7 trillion this year, showing where liquidity – and user trust – continues to concentrate.

#Binance #CryptoExchanges #bitcoin
New analysis from ChainStory shows over 60% of crypto press releases come from high-risk or scam-adjacent projects, with hype language dominating and real editorial scrutiny often missing.  When paid announcements sit next to real reporting, it becomes harder for readers to tell news from promotion – and that has real consequences for trust and decision-making. #CryptoMedia #InvestorProtection #Journalism
New analysis from ChainStory shows over 60% of crypto press releases come from high-risk or scam-adjacent projects, with hype language dominating and real editorial scrutiny often missing. 

When paid announcements sit next to real reporting, it becomes harder for readers to tell news from promotion – and that has real consequences for trust and decision-making.

#CryptoMedia #InvestorProtection #Journalism
The Spanish Red Cross has launched RedChain – a blockchain-based system that lets donors verify how aid is spent in real time, without exposing the identities of people receiving help.  Aid is issued as digital credits, spent like normal shopping, while personal data stays offchain. A rare example of transparency without surveillance. #blockchain #HumanitarianAid. #Privacy
The Spanish Red Cross has launched RedChain – a blockchain-based system that lets donors verify how aid is spent in real time, without exposing the identities of people receiving help. 

Aid is issued as digital credits, spent like normal shopping, while personal data stays offchain. A rare example of transparency without surveillance.

#blockchain #HumanitarianAid. #Privacy
RentAHuman.ai lets autonomous software trigger real-world work – errands, meetings, physical tasks – by paying people hourly, often in stablecoins.  Launched days after OpenClaw went viral, the platform reframes humans as on-demand infrastructure for AI. Practical fix or dystopian shift? Either way, AI just crossed a line from digital tools into managing human labor. #AIAgents #FutureOfWork #CryptoPayments
RentAHuman.ai lets autonomous software trigger real-world work – errands, meetings, physical tasks – by paying people hourly, often in stablecoins. 

Launched days after OpenClaw went viral, the platform reframes humans as on-demand infrastructure for AI.

Practical fix or dystopian shift? Either way, AI just crossed a line from digital tools into managing human labor.

#AIAgents #FutureOfWork #CryptoPayments
The Crypto Radio Live Join us live daily at 1PM Dubai time.
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🔥Creu Roja (Spanish Red Cross) revealed a blockchain-based aid platform that gives donors full traceability, and provides recipients with privacy. ⚪️ In collaboration with Billions Network a decentralized PoP solution from Privado ID. ⚪️Created with the help of Barcelona-based technical infrastructure company BLOOCK.
🔥Creu Roja (Spanish Red Cross) revealed a blockchain-based aid platform that gives donors full traceability, and provides recipients with privacy.

⚪️ In collaboration with Billions Network a decentralized PoP solution from Privado ID.
⚪️Created with the help of Barcelona-based technical infrastructure company BLOOCK.
Polymarket is opening New York City's first free grocery store and has donated $1M to Food Bank for NYC.
Polymarket is opening New York City's first free grocery store and has donated $1M to Food Bank for NYC.
⚡️Y Combinator now lets startups get their $500K funding in stablecoins, setting the stage for a new fintech renaissance.
⚡️Y Combinator now lets startups get their $500K funding in stablecoins, setting the stage for a new fintech renaissance.
Guardians of Bitcoin Live with @IAmBitcoinBo on 3rd February at block height 934850: Bitcoin slips back into the 70s as dip talk returns CFTC chair says Vegas Bitcoin conference will be historic Nostr Nights draws packed crowd at Bitcoin Park Women of Bitcoin summit launches to lower learning barriers Ozow enables bitcoin payments with instant rand settlement BTCPay on Umbrel simplifies self-hosted bitcoin payments Wesatoshis bitcoin card races toward full crowdfunding goal Trezor Safe 7 targets long-term self-custody security Vultisig reignites debate over automation and selfcustody 
Guardians of Bitcoin Live with @Bitcoin Bo on 3rd February at block height 934850:

Bitcoin slips back into the 70s as dip talk returns

CFTC chair says Vegas Bitcoin conference will be historic

Nostr Nights draws packed crowd at Bitcoin Park

Women of Bitcoin summit launches to lower learning barriers

Ozow enables bitcoin payments with instant rand settlement

BTCPay on Umbrel simplifies self-hosted bitcoin payments

Wesatoshis bitcoin card races toward full crowdfunding goal

Trezor Safe 7 targets long-term self-custody security
Vultisig reignites debate over automation and selfcustody 
The Crypto Radio Live quickfire newsround on 3rd February: Bankruptcy proceedings opened against firm controlling Russia’s largest crypto miner Emails reveal Epstein invested $3 million in Coinbase in 2014 Binance begins converting $1 billion user protection fund into bitcoin Bed Bath & Beyond plans tokenization platform after Tokens.com acquisition GameStop CEO hints at major acquisition, calls it bigger than bitcoin Elon Musk says SpaceX acquired xAI to boost AI growth
The Crypto Radio Live quickfire newsround on 3rd February:

Bankruptcy proceedings opened against firm controlling Russia’s largest crypto miner

Emails reveal Epstein invested $3 million in Coinbase in 2014

Binance begins converting $1 billion user protection fund into bitcoin

Bed Bath & Beyond plans tokenization platform after Tokens.com acquisition

GameStop CEO hints at major acquisition, calls it bigger than bitcoin

Elon Musk says SpaceX acquired xAI to boost AI growth
UK crypto awareness is now at 91%, but actual ownership has fallen to 8%, down from 12% last year.  The latest FCA research shows fewer people are holding crypto, while those who do are investing larger amounts and relying more on centralised exchanges like Coinbase and Binance.  Small holders are fading, risk appetite is rising, and future growth now looks tied to regulation, not hype. #UKCrypto #bitcoin #FCA
UK crypto awareness is now at 91%, but actual ownership has fallen to 8%, down from 12% last year. 
The latest FCA research shows fewer people are holding crypto, while those who do are investing larger amounts and relying more on centralised exchanges like Coinbase and Binance. 

Small holders are fading, risk appetite is rising, and future growth now looks tied to regulation, not hype.

#UKCrypto #bitcoin #FCA
Family offices and crypto remain far apart. New data from JPMorgan Private Bank shows 89% of the world’s wealthiest families hold no crypto at all, even amid geopolitical tension and inflation risks. Gold isn’t favored either. Instead, portfolios lean on equities, private investments, and cash, while AI attracts growing interest. The message from long-term capital is clear: volatility still matters. #Crypto #bitcoin #wealth
Family offices and crypto remain far apart. New data from JPMorgan Private Bank shows 89% of the world’s wealthiest families hold no crypto at all, even amid geopolitical tension and inflation risks.

Gold isn’t favored either. Instead, portfolios lean on equities, private investments, and cash, while AI attracts growing interest. The message from long-term capital is clear: volatility still matters.

#Crypto #bitcoin #wealth
OpenClaw open-source AI agents are exploding in popularity, reaching around 147,000 GitHub stars in weeks.  Formerly known as Clawdbot and Moltbot, the tool lets persistent personal AI act across emails, files, calendars, and chat apps.  Its rapid rise has also spawned ecosystem offshoots like Moltbook, alongside growing concerns over security, fake extensions, and data exposure. #AIAgents #OpenSourceAI #clawdbot
OpenClaw open-source AI agents are exploding in popularity, reaching around 147,000 GitHub stars in weeks. 

Formerly known as Clawdbot and Moltbot, the tool lets persistent personal AI act across emails, files, calendars, and chat apps. 

Its rapid rise has also spawned ecosystem offshoots like Moltbook, alongside growing concerns over security, fake extensions, and data exposure.

#AIAgents #OpenSourceAI #clawdbot
The stablecoin issuer has released Mining OS (MOS), a self-hosted, peer-to-peer system designed to run anything from home mining setups to large industrial sites – without relying on closed, vendor-controlled software.  Unveiled at Plan ₿ Forum, the move signals a push toward more transparent and accessible Bitcoin mining tools. #Bitcoinmining #OpenSourceEthos #Tether
The stablecoin issuer has released Mining OS (MOS), a self-hosted, peer-to-peer system designed to run anything from home mining setups to large industrial sites – without relying on closed, vendor-controlled software. 
Unveiled at Plan ₿ Forum, the move signals a push toward more transparent and accessible Bitcoin mining tools.

#Bitcoinmining #OpenSourceEthos #Tether
Bitcoin market crash – BTC slid sharply as forced liquidations spread and investors pulled back from risk assets. Analysts point to de-leveraging, uneven ETF flows, and uncertainty around U.S. policy as possible drivers.  Some see a cyclical shakeout; others warn downside risks remain if sentiment doesn’t improve. What happens next may depend more on macro signals than crypto news. #bitcoin #CryptoMarkets #macroeconomy
Bitcoin market crash – BTC slid sharply as forced liquidations spread and investors pulled back from risk assets. Analysts point to de-leveraging, uneven ETF flows, and uncertainty around U.S. policy as possible drivers. 
Some see a cyclical shakeout; others warn downside risks remain if sentiment doesn’t improve. What happens next may depend more on macro signals than crypto news.

#bitcoin #CryptoMarkets #macroeconomy
Iran targets privacy apps during internet blackout'Privacy tools threaten governments,' says expert, as NetBlocks estimates shutdowns cost Iran about $37 million per day Iran is blocking the encrypted messaging app Session during an ongoing internet blackout, using DNS spoofing to stop downloads. During periods of political unrest, privacy tools threaten governments by denying them surveillance and control over communications, as apps that operate on distributed ledgers “limit state control by resisting takedowns and making it harder to dominate narratives during political unrest,” Nishant Shah, Faculty Associate at Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University, told The Crypto Radio. “In shutdowns, the goal isn’t to stop information entirely, but to slow it, fragment audiences, and push people into channels that are easier to monitor or manipulate,” he added. Unlike mainstream messaging platforms that can be compelled to cooperate with authorities or share user data, privacy-focused apps are designed to limit surveillance by default. In Session’s case, that privacy is reinforced by its decentralized design, which removes central servers that could be pressured or shut down. “Decentralized apps like Session have no central servers that can expose user data or target users,” Alexander Linton, Session Technology Foundation President, told The Crypto Radio. Session is a privacy-focused messaging app increasingly targeted by governments during internet shutdowns and network-level censorship. Photo: Session Session remains blocked for 27 consecutive days, according to a report by Whisper Security. And this isn’t the first blackout. In June 2025, Iran imposed a nationwide shutdown during the Iran-Israel conflict, cutting connectivity by 97% and later using “stealth” blocks like DNS poisoning and throttling.  In other countries such as Nepal, Signal and Telegram were blocked alongside major platforms during youth-led anti-corruption protests. In Russia, authorities have blocked apps like Signal, Viber, Discord, and SimpleX Chat since August 2024, citing non-compliance with data laws, according to a report by Human Rights Watch.   How censorship is enforced Because privacy apps cannot be easily monitored or forced to share data, governments increasingly rely on network-level censorship tools to block access altogether. One of the most common methods is DNS spoofing, which redirects or disrupts connections before users ever reach the app. Linton explained how DNS spoofing works best in targeted bursts. “Over time users find workarounds, but the biggest impact comes early, when people are misdirected to fake sites or cut off from critical services.” In response, some developers are experimenting with alternative systems that aim to bypass traditional DNS entirely. In some cases, Linton highlighted, “blockchain-based naming systems like ENS could offer censorship-resistant alternatives to DNS, but they are not yet widely adopted or fully viable.” “These systems better resist DNS spoofing, but slow speeds and low adoption make them impractical for now,” said Linton.“Enforcement is also uneven, people adapt, and once manipulation is expected, trust erodes across the wider information environment,” said Shah. “[Blockchain-based naming systems] reduce some control points but aren’t a cure-all – states can still pressure ISPs, throttle traffic, criminalize use, or spread disinformation, while blockchain naming brings its own governance, security, and accessibility risks.” The economic cost of going offline Internet shutdowns are costly. “NetBlocks estimates a full shutdown costs Iran about $37M per day, making January’s unprecedented outage an unsustainable burden,” said Linton. “Not all censorship is equal," he added. "Targeted blocks such as whitelisting limit access [by restricting users to a small set of government-approved websites] but stopping resistant tools usually requires a full internet shutdown.” “These shutdowns can also suppress future economic activity due to extremely hostile in-country conditions,” he said. “Even when framed as blocking protests, shutdowns quickly cause wider harm – disrupting payments, work, health access, and daily life, making staying connected costly and exhausting,” Shah agreed. Groups such as Amnesty International and Access Now “expose internet shutdowns as human rights violations, highlighting their severe economic impact and the resulting diplomatic and reputational costs,” said Linton. “[The groups] matter less as enforcers and more for documenting abuses, challenging narratives, and raising the political cost of normalizing shutdowns as rights violations,” said Shah. How users find ways around blocks Across borders, Iranian communities help circulate guidance, proxies, and secure tools to bypass digital restrictions and censorship. Photo: Wikimedia Commons Despite internet blockades, people still try to find ways to bypass them. “Shutdowns are usually leaky, not total. People rely on shared access, social networks, partial connectivity, and mixing digital workarounds with offline channels and traditional media,” Shah said. The Iranian diaspora and activist community “do an incredible job at helping keep people connected by sharing circumvention tools, encrypted guidance, and running or teaching others to run proxies,” Linton noted. “The international response works like a relay, with diaspora networks, media, rights groups, and tech communities passing information across borders and back in low-bandwidth, resilient forms,” Shah agreed. An ongoing arms race As governments increasingly restrict access to online platforms, a key question is how privacy apps evolve to stay ahead of state control. “Apps are becoming more censorship-resistant, but the exact methods are hard to detail due to an ongoing arms race between developers and censors,” Linton said. “The trend is to design for hostile networks. Expect blocks and interference – using redundancy and decentralization, often trading ease-of-use for resilience, which affects who can use these tools under pressure,” Shah said. Past internet shutdowns show that information blackouts are rarely total or static and often produce outcomes governments do not fully control. Instead, they create uneven conditions that shape both repression and resistance. Shah highlighted how “that unevenness fuels both repression and resistance. Shutdowns often worsen misinformation by removing verification, and once app-specific blocks are normalized, they tend to expand rather than stop.” Regardless, even when “censors learn from each other, making shutdowns more frequent and aggressive, the public is also adapting – seen in growing use of tools like mesh networking apps,” Linton said.

Iran targets privacy apps during internet blackout

'Privacy tools threaten governments,' says expert, as NetBlocks estimates shutdowns cost Iran about $37 million per day

Iran is blocking the encrypted messaging app Session during an ongoing internet blackout, using DNS spoofing to stop downloads.
During periods of political unrest, privacy tools threaten governments by denying them surveillance and control over communications, as apps that operate on distributed ledgers “limit state control by resisting takedowns and making it harder to dominate narratives during political unrest,” Nishant Shah, Faculty Associate at Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University, told The Crypto Radio.
“In shutdowns, the goal isn’t to stop information entirely, but to slow it, fragment audiences, and push people into channels that are easier to monitor or manipulate,” he added.
Unlike mainstream messaging platforms that can be compelled to cooperate with authorities or share user data, privacy-focused apps are designed to limit surveillance by default. In Session’s case, that privacy is reinforced by its decentralized design, which removes central servers that could be pressured or shut down.
“Decentralized apps like Session have no central servers that can expose user data or target users,” Alexander Linton, Session Technology Foundation President, told The Crypto Radio.

Session is a privacy-focused messaging app increasingly targeted by governments during internet shutdowns and network-level censorship. Photo: Session
Session remains blocked for 27 consecutive days, according to a report by Whisper Security. And this isn’t the first blackout.
In June 2025, Iran imposed a nationwide shutdown during the Iran-Israel conflict, cutting connectivity by 97% and later using “stealth” blocks like DNS poisoning and throttling. 
In other countries such as Nepal, Signal and Telegram were blocked alongside major platforms during youth-led anti-corruption protests.
In Russia, authorities have blocked apps like Signal, Viber, Discord, and SimpleX Chat since August 2024, citing non-compliance with data laws, according to a report by Human Rights Watch.  
How censorship is enforced
Because privacy apps cannot be easily monitored or forced to share data, governments increasingly rely on network-level censorship tools to block access altogether. One of the most common methods is DNS spoofing, which redirects or disrupts connections before users ever reach the app.
Linton explained how DNS spoofing works best in targeted bursts. “Over time users find workarounds, but the biggest impact comes early, when people are misdirected to fake sites or cut off from critical services.”
In response, some developers are experimenting with alternative systems that aim to bypass traditional DNS entirely. In some cases, Linton highlighted, “blockchain-based naming systems like ENS could offer censorship-resistant alternatives to DNS, but they are not yet widely adopted or fully viable.”
“These systems better resist DNS spoofing, but slow speeds and low adoption make them impractical for now,” said Linton.“Enforcement is also uneven, people adapt, and once manipulation is expected, trust erodes across the wider information environment,” said Shah. “[Blockchain-based naming systems] reduce some control points but aren’t a cure-all – states can still pressure ISPs, throttle traffic, criminalize use, or spread disinformation, while blockchain naming brings its own governance, security, and accessibility risks.”
The economic cost of going offline
Internet shutdowns are costly. “NetBlocks estimates a full shutdown costs Iran about $37M per day, making January’s unprecedented outage an unsustainable burden,” said Linton.
“Not all censorship is equal," he added. "Targeted blocks such as whitelisting limit access [by restricting users to a small set of government-approved websites] but stopping resistant tools usually requires a full internet shutdown.”
“These shutdowns can also suppress future economic activity due to extremely hostile in-country conditions,” he said.
“Even when framed as blocking protests, shutdowns quickly cause wider harm – disrupting payments, work, health access, and daily life, making staying connected costly and exhausting,” Shah agreed.
Groups such as Amnesty International and Access Now “expose internet shutdowns as human rights violations, highlighting their severe economic impact and the resulting diplomatic and reputational costs,” said Linton.
“[The groups] matter less as enforcers and more for documenting abuses, challenging narratives, and raising the political cost of normalizing shutdowns as rights violations,” said Shah.
How users find ways around blocks

Across borders, Iranian communities help circulate guidance, proxies, and secure tools to bypass digital restrictions and censorship. Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Despite internet blockades, people still try to find ways to bypass them.
“Shutdowns are usually leaky, not total. People rely on shared access, social networks, partial connectivity, and mixing digital workarounds with offline channels and traditional media,” Shah said.
The Iranian diaspora and activist community “do an incredible job at helping keep people connected by sharing circumvention tools, encrypted guidance, and running or teaching others to run proxies,” Linton noted.
“The international response works like a relay, with diaspora networks, media, rights groups, and tech communities passing information across borders and back in low-bandwidth, resilient forms,” Shah agreed.
An ongoing arms race
As governments increasingly restrict access to online platforms, a key question is how privacy apps evolve to stay ahead of state control.
“Apps are becoming more censorship-resistant, but the exact methods are hard to detail due to an ongoing arms race between developers and censors,” Linton said.
“The trend is to design for hostile networks. Expect blocks and interference – using redundancy and decentralization, often trading ease-of-use for resilience, which affects who can use these tools under pressure,” Shah said.
Past internet shutdowns show that information blackouts are rarely total or static and often produce outcomes governments do not fully control. Instead, they create uneven conditions that shape both repression and resistance.
Shah highlighted how “that unevenness fuels both repression and resistance. Shutdowns often worsen misinformation by removing verification, and once app-specific blocks are normalized, they tend to expand rather than stop.”
Regardless, even when “censors learn from each other, making shutdowns more frequent and aggressive, the public is also adapting – seen in growing use of tools like mesh networking apps,” Linton said.
The Crypto Radio Live Join us live daily at 1PM Dubai time.
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